Japanese Research

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Japan’s Economic Policy Uncertainty and Economic Recession

LIN Xiumei1,2,LI Qingzhao1

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (1): 1-10. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.01.001

Abstract （771）

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In this paper, we use the uncertainty index of Japanese economic policy issued by Baker et al to study the characteristics of Japanese economic policy uncertainty. The uncertainty of Japan’s economic policy has obvious “political parties”, which is closely related to the frequent political elections in Japan. In addition, the high uncertainty of Japan’s economic policy lasted for a long time. Based on the data after the Japanese bubble economy, we find that the uncertainty of economic policy has a significant negative impact on the final demand. Therefore, it is proved that the uncertainty of economic policy is an important driving force for the recession, which provides a new explanation for the long decline of the Japanese economy after the bursting of the bubble economy.

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Japan’s Society 5.0 under the New Round of Technology and Industry Revolution：from the Perspective of Institutional Innovation and Strategic Improvement

FANG Xiaoxia, YANG Danhui，LI Xiaohua

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (1): 11-20. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.01.002

Abstract （735）

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With new round of scientific and technological revolution and the rise of industrial revolution, new industries and new business models continue to emerge, which provides important opportunities and challenges for Japan to take advantage of new technology to solve the problems in domestic economic and social development. From its strategic layout to cope with the new technological revolution and the new industrial revolution, we find that the effects of structural reforms in Japan over the past 20 years have been gradually released. Under the strategy of the socalled “super smart society” establishment, Japan’s institutional innovation mechanism is further focusing on more sustainable goals of industrial restructuring and social transformation, which shows a stronger policy synergy. The implication of Japan’s experience for China is that the Chinese government should increase input in science and technology innovation, industrial upgrading and social transformation so as to accelerate the achievement of the leapfrog development from “followers” to “leader”.

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The Development Aid Under Japan’s ODAADB Framework and Its Implications：A Case from South Asia Area

ZHANG Lei ,CUI Yan

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (1): 21-29. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.01.003

Abstract （742）

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Japan is one of the important countries which participate in Official Development Assistance and is the real leader of Asian Development Bank. After half a century, Japan has already established a mature ODAADB Framework. Both as a donor country in the bilateral aid system and a leader in the multilateral bank system, Japan is chasing benefits and propelling strategies continually. Through analyzing its aid actions in South Asia,especially in India in recent years,we find that the two apparenty different aid forms are actually the same in guiding ideology.The beliefs and practices of Japan’s aid actions in South Asia reflect the characteristic of both belonging to the same value system.They also manifest Japan’s plans to expand its regional influence in politics and economy.

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The Mode and Status of Japan’s Participation in Global Value Chains：Based on Study of the ValueAdded Trade

XIAO Xue1，NIU Meng2

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (1): 30-41. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.01.004

Abstract （911）

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In the context the global value chains, Japan is undoubtedly an important beneficiary of the global value chains. Therefore, a thorough examination of the mode and status of Japan’s manufacturing participation in the global value chain can provide reliable empirical support for China’s participation in GVCd. In this paper, the added value of trade is based on the perspective of constructing GVC participation and GVC status index using the OECD database.We analyse the manufacturing industry of Japan in GVC degree, mode and the position. The results show that: (1) In terms of degree, the process of integration into the GVC has been accelerated. (2) In terms of mode, the Japanese manufacturing industry is mainly embedded in GVC by means of forward participation mode, and its GVC forward participation rate is much higher than the latter. (3)In terms of position, Japan has been in the upper position of GVC.However, with regard to the changing trend, its GVC position index showed a downward trend, which means that its GVC position is declining, in which the medium technology is the most obvious, followed by low and high technology.

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The “Imperial Court”’s Arguments of Kokutai and the Monarchical Power in the Constitution of Modern Japan：A Case Study of Iwakura Tomomi

ZHANG Yan-ru

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (1): 42-50. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.01.005

Abstract （645）

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During the times of modern Japan, many arguments about the establishment of constitution appeared . Kokutai is the focus of the problem. The "Imperial Court" led by Iwakura Tomomi had a great influence on the principles of the constitution. Their main idea is to keep the Mikado’s rule forever. In their opinions, the Mikado has divine right. So they fought against popular sovereignty fiercely. Owing to their influence, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan didn’t handle well the problem of the Mikado’s status. This is the source of later controversy of Kokutai.

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On Taisuke Itagaki’s Nationalism

LIU Xiao-jun

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (1): 51-60. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.01.006

Abstract （684）

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Taisuke Itagaki’s nationalism is a typical embodiment of that in Meiji period of Japan, which experienced stages of establishment to expansion. In the period of Free Civil Right Movement, he instrumentalized civil rights,and asserted that upholding civil rights must be done before safeguarding national sovereignty.Before and after the RussoJapanese War,I tagaki Taisuke rationalized the foreign expansion behavior of Japan in order to protect national interests,ignoring and trampling on the legitimate rights and interests of China and the korean Penisula.At the same time,he flaunted“pacifism”in the binary opposition between dictatorship and constitutionalism,and cmbinied that with the opposition against hierarchy and the awareness of racial disparities by adapting to changes in modern Japanese society.

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The Formation and Evolution of “The Tea Ceremony” in East Asian Context

ZHANG Jian-li

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (1): 61-68. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.01.007

Abstract （602）

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In Chinese,Japanese,and Korean,there is a word denoting“the tea cerenomy”.The words in the three languages differ not only in pronunciation,but also in connotation.Since ancient times,“tea as a sacrifice”,“tea for guests”,and“tea as a gift”are the three main forms of tea cerenomy in East Asia,which can be described as a common feature of East Asia tea culture.A detailed study reveals that,although there is a close relationship of inheritance,the three forms of tea ceremong in China,Japan and the Korean Peninsula differ greatly.Especially with“tea for guests”,there are fundamental differences.

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Disqualified Majority: The Narrative Ethics in No Longer Human

FAN Jing-xia

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (1): 69-74. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.01.008

Abstract （977）

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The development of Japanese thinktank is later than that of Europe and America, but it grows rapidly. After three stages of beginning, development, and maturity, five types of thinktank have been formed which are named as official think tank, quasiofficial think tank, enterprise think tank, folk think tank and university think tank. They have remarkable developing features and unique operation mechanism. Therefore, a system of thinktank with Japanese characteristics has come into being, which provides a useful reference for the construction of think tank in other countries.

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The Meaning of the Economic Novels by Ihara Saikaku：Centering on Nihon Eitaigura and Seken Munesan’yō

GOU Yan-jun

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (1): 75-80. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.01.009

Abstract （882）

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Set in the early Edo period in Japan,“Tyoninmono” of Ihara Saikaku, the economic novels which reveal the experience of acquiring wealth relying on diligence and wisdom and the lesson of becoming impoverished through luxury and extravagance, demonstrate deep sympathy for the poverty of the merchant families from lowermiddle class and a certain recognition of the increasing disparity between the rich and the poor. Ihara Saikaku’s gradual process in understanding the almightiness of money and richpoor division results in his initial enthusiastic compliment, then contradictory confusion and sceptical ridicule in the end. Although his scepticism has not been developed into a systematic theoretical framework, it is still of indispensable significance for the research on the history of that period.

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An Analysis of External Publicity of Japan’s New Media in China: Strategy, Path and Feature

WU Xian

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (2): 1-7. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.02.001

Abstract （828）

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In recent years, Japan has started to emphasize the utilization of new media to strengthen the external publicity in China with new changes in Chinarelated reports. Japan first develops “SNS” strategy aimed at social networking, attempting to establish the vertical publicity network of new media from center to local regions and to integrate the lateral publicity channels from the authority to people, in order to enhance the publicity of Japan’s proposition in territory and history; Japan also seeks to take advantage of Chinese “Internet plus” and social networking platforms to extensively spread the “China threat theory” and the“China collapse theory”, thus promoting the contention for international discourse power as well as cultural and ideological penetration. The external publicity of Japan’s new media has turned into an indispensable channel and instrument for Japan to implement its national strategic intent and start diplomatic games and public opinion wars, threatening China’s interests and social stability to some extent.

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Japan’s IndoPacific Strategy and Its Policy Practice

ZHANG Yaozhi

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (2): 8-19. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.02.002

Abstract （618）

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Based on its strategic goal of being a “firstclass nation”, Japan under the Abe administration has been active in the IndoPacific geopolitics. The pursuit of Japan’s “IndoPacific” geostrategic concept is reflected not only in the strategic thinking and policy ideas of Japanese leaders, but also in Japan’s diplomatic practice. The idea of Japan’s “IndoPacific” strategy is implemented through three approaches: security, economic cooperation, cultural and peopletopeople exchanges. The essence of Japan’s IndoPacific geopolitics is to seek the status of being a “political power”, to gain economic benefits and promote the economic development of Japan, and to play against China. Predictably, with the change of the pattern of interests in IndoPacific region, the development of China’s diplomatic strategy and the irreversible rise of China, the uncertainty of the U.S. strategy and the gloomy prospect of USJapan IndoPacific strategy, Japan does not have a practical basis to play a major role in promoting the IndoPacific strategy without the United States.

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“Abenomics”: No “Real” Economic Growth and Misalignment of Policies

JIN Renshu

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (2): 20-27. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.02.003

Abstract （506）

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Five years after the implementation of “Abenomics”, its effect on economic growth appears. It not only realizes the second longest booming after the Second World War, but also helps the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) led by Mr. Abe win the general election. However, due to sluggish business investment in equipment, poor earnings, falling unemployment but lower wages, working environment degradation and other reasons, the policy failed to achieve the expected goals, thus the “Abenomics” has not contributed to a real growth of the economy. It has led to negative effect due to the contradictory economic policies that lack continuity and the misalignment of policy priorities and economic realities. Under the background of low birth rate and aging society, Mr. Abe’s government must adopt policies and measures to encourage enterprises to improve labor productivity, so as to eliminate the huge fiscal deficits and realize higher wages, higher consumption, and better social security system, thus achieving a real economic growth.

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An Examination of Calendar Reform in Meiji Japan

LI Zhuo

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (2): 28-35. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.02.004

Abstract （987）

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The change of calendar system is one of the landmark events in Japan’s implementation of the Civilization and Enlightenment policy during the Meiji Restoration. Previously, the old calendar system consisted of two stages — the use of Chinese calendar and the use of Japanese calendar. This old calendar system was deeply influenced by Chinese calendar system and had been used for approximately 1,300 years. Japan’s change of calendar system occurred alongside with Japan’s intention of integrating into the western world after the Meiji Restoration. It also appeared to be one bold attempt with the aim to overcome fiscal difficulty. As a result, it not only saved government expenses, but also elevated the reputation of the new Meiji government. However, this cursory act of calendar reform overlooked traditions and paid a high price for the sudden “departure from Asia for Europe”. The examination of the calendar reform 145 years ago is of great significance for the evaluation of the success and failure of the Meiji Restoration.

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Yamaga Soko’s Kogaku Works and the Ming “Encyclopaedias”

WANG Qi

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (2): 36-42. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.02.005

Abstract （657）

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The establishment of the Confucian literature in the Edo period is inseparable from the nourishment of Chinese classics. Exploring the relationship between the extraterritorial Confucian Chinese books and Chinese classics is not only the content of history of SinoJapanese cultural exchange, but also the foundation of the study of Confucian scholars. As a representative of the ancient school critising the SongMing NeoConfucianism, Yamaga Soko’s works also come from the Confucian classics of the Song and Ming Dynasties. In particular, Shanluyulei is based on the Encyclopaedia of Xingli, and the Encyclopaedia of Sishujudu is the transformation of the Encyclopaedia of Four Books in ancient style.

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Cultural Transformation in Heian Period as Seen

ZHANG Ruyi,LIU Chunliu

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (2): 43-48. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.02.006

Abstract （940）

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Taketori Monogatari (The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter), the first Japanese monogatari (fictional prose narrative), came into being in a transformative period in Japanese culture when the influence of Chinese Tang Dynasty was declining while the Japanese national consciousness was rising. Consequently, in terms of both theme and style, Taketori Monogatari contains many elements of traditional Chinese culture, and at the same time it also shows unique Japanese aesthetic taste and cultural features. The essay argues that studies on the tale will not only help us further understand the features of Japanese monogatari, but also the cultural transformation of Heian Period.

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The Current Situation of “Double Care”in Japan and Its Implications for China

LIN Na

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (2): 49-62. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.02.007

Abstract （638）

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“Double care” means that the “sandwich generation” takes care of both the elderly and the children. Japan is widely recognized as one of the countries with the serious problems of fewer children and aging population in the world, and the government and social groups have taken a number of effective measures to solve the problems. At present, China is also entering the aging society. Besides, the implementation of policies with Chinese characteristics including the universal twochild policy in early 2016 brings new problems and difficulties to the double care issue in the new era.

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Entrepreneurship Education in Japanese Universities and Its Implications

LI Wenying

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (2): 63-68. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.02.008

Abstract （632）

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Since the collapse of the bubble economy, Japan has long been in an economic downturn. In order to extricate itself from the recession and enhance university students’ employment abilities and entrepreneurship, Japanese universities attach great importance to the implementation of entrepreneurship education. They have formed their own characteristics in training objectives, curriculum, implementation approaches, and faculty in terms of entrepreneurship education. Effective entrepreneurship education in Japanese universities has important implications for Chinese universities, which are at the initial stage of entrepreneurship education.

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Reality and Challenges：Competence Assessment in Japanese Law School Admission Test

DAI Yifei

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (2): 69-75. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.02.009

Abstract （625）

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Aiming at improving the legal profession, Japanese judicial system reform, together with the creation of law school, is now faced with the possibility of failure. Although Japanese Law School Admission Test utilizes the ideals and skills of psychometrical measurements and focuses on the competency assessment, the actual effect of the test has been greatly restricted and reduced by Japanese judicial realities like low pass rate of judicial examination. Therefore, how to design the admission test of law schools is not only a technical issue, but also a systematic problem which needs the efficient coordination between educational and judicial administrations.

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Administrative Reforms and Changes of the Ruling System of the Liberal Democratic Party

XU Wansheng

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (3): 1-9. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.03.001

Abstract （588）

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In Japan, administrative reforms and changes of the ruling system of the Liberal Democratic Party are closely related. Within the LDP where the process of administrative reforms are intertwined with changes of its power structure, different personal performances of politicians usually lead to changes of their status and power, and in the early years of the 21st century the postal privatization reform has resulted in the rise and fall of each factional force. From the perspective of the process of decisionmaking, administrative reforms have continuously advanced the institutionalization of the mode of decision making characterized by the domination of prime minister, but their effectiveness has been affected by various factors. The impact of administrative reforms on the social support base of the Liberal Democratic Party is complex. In the face of an increasingly diversified civil society, it is difficult for the LDP regime to solidify its social support base through administrative reforms.

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On the Centralization of Liberal Democratic Party of Japan

ZHANG Boyu

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (3): 10-24. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.03.002

Abstract （725）

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Since the 1990s, Japans two major political system reforms, which have continued intermittently and are still on its extended line, have promoted the transformation of Japans political system and changes in the political environment, and also promoted the centralization of the Liberal Democratic Party. In the Liberal Democratic Party, the function of the informal organizations represented by factionalism has weakened, the importance of the executive department centered on the president has increased, and the power has concentrated on the executive department centered on the president. In the actual political operation, the two major institutional effects of the political system reforms, namely the expansion of the power of the Prime Minister and the concentration of the Liberal Democratic Party presidents power, interacted and influenced each other, leading to the phenomenon of “prime ministerial dominance”. The emergence of “Abe Strong One” is a symbol of the maturity of the Liberal Democratic Partys centralization. The power of the powerful prime minister (president) still has no effective control over the Senate. Different institutional arrangements, such as the election system of the House of Representatives, the term of office of parliamentarians, and the legal authority conferred on it by the Constitution, make the Senate highly independent. At the same time, the Liberal Democratic Party is indispensable for the joint control of the Komeito Party in the Senate as long as it does not control the majority of seats in the Senate alone. The prime minister is required to cooperate with the Liberal Democratic Party, which must joint to pass bill with the Komeito party in the Senate. The Senate has become the “Achilles’ heel” of the Liberal Democratic Party.

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Transformation and Internal Reformation of Liberal Democratic Party

WANG Pengfei

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (3): 25-34. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.03.003

Abstract （711）

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For more than 63 years since its establishment, the Liberal Democratic Party has been deeply rooted in history and has always been at the center of Japanese politics. At any time during the ruling crisis, the party can always be transformed with the trend. According to the partys organizational classification, the transformation of LDP has experienced three phases: the elite party, the transformation of the Mass party, and the evolution of the Cartel party. In the early days of its founding, the LDP took the initiative to carry out the modernization movement to change the characteristics of elite parties. After the Cold War, in view of the decline of the Socialist Party, the LDP gave up the transition to Mass party and attempted to evolve into the Carteltype party. After Junichiro Koizumis cabinet, the LDP suffered many setbacks in the transformation of political parties and ended up returning to the local area to explore new patterns.

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An Examination of Calendar Reform in Meiji Japan

Xu Mei

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (3): 35-43. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.03.004

Abstract （660）

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The importance of improving the diplomatic，economic and trade relations between China and Japan is highlighted in the context of increasing geopolitical risks, the strengthening of trade protection in the United States, Chinas promotion of a new pattern of opening up in an allround way, and Japans active promotion of domestic structural reforms. SinoJapanese relations showed signs of improvement in the spring of 2017, and bilateral trade, Japans direct investment in China，and financial cooperation showed a stabilization trend which had been slumping for several years after the Diaoyu Islands incident, and the attitude of Japanese government toward the“One Belt and One Road” initiative has undergone a positive change. The economic and trade relations between China and Japan are facing new development opportunities，and the breadth and depth of their cooperation in the future will be further expanded.

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ChinaJapan Financial Cooperation: Processes, Obstacles and Prospects

LIU Rui

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (3): 44-53. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.03.005

Abstract （574）

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Since the normalization of SinoJapanese diplomatic relations, ChinaJapan financial cooperation lagged behind trade, investment, and industrial cooperation. No substantial breakthrough in the joint promotion of the Asian financial integration process and the bilateral financial cooperation between China and Japan has been made. The reason why ChinaJapan financial cooperation is hindered lies in the common defects in the Asian region represented by China and Japan. It also lies in the existing obstacles between the two countries, such as the dependence on the US dollar system, inadequate institutional function of the cooperation platform, and lack of political mutual trust. With the new changes in the international political and economic situation, ChinaJapan financial cooperation faces new opportunities. While promoting multilateral financial cooperation, the two countries will use the “One Belt and One Road” as a platform to strengthen the ChinaJapan financial cooperation mechanism and broaden the modality for cooperation to achieve a winwin situation.

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An Analysis of Japans Direct Investment in China and Its Impact on Chinese Economic Development

TIAN Zheng

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (3): 54-64. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.03.006

Abstract （644）

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Japans direct investment in China has played an important role in promoting Chinas economic development. Japans direct investment in China can be divided into three phases: full startup, deepening of cooperation, and adjustment and transformation. It is mainly focused on the manufacturing sector and on the eastern coastal areas. Through an analysis of international economic theories, using the empirical method of regARMA combination model and Granger causality test, we found that Japans direct investment in China had the following effects on Chinese economy: (1) promoting Chinese industrial upgrading, (2) pushing the development of SinoJapanese trade, and (3) generating a technology spillover effect in China which improved the technology level of China. China should strengthen its efforts to guide Japans direct investment in China and enhance the quality of Japans direct investment in China, so as to contribute to the restructuring of Chinese economy.

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The Change of Japanese Ocean Thought since 1990s

CHEN Xiuwu

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (3): 65-72. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.03.007

Abstract （615）

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After the postwar Japans maritime thought experienced a change from “recognizing the attributes of marine resources” to “recognizing peoples various marine activity systems”, it changed again in the 1990s. Starting with the “Ocean Civilization” initiated by Japanese scholars, relying on the “Marine National Seminar” activities organized by the government think tank and their policy proposals, and legally protected by the states “Ocean Basic Law” and “Basic Plan on Ocean Policy”, the thought ultimately rose to become“New Ocean National Strategy”. This process showed the characteristics of hierarchical ascending. At the same time, Japan has taken a step advancing to the road of being a subordinate or subsidiary “Sea Empire” that is backed by the JapanUS alliance.

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Hara Takasis Diplomatic Conception of JapanUS Coordination

CHEN Wei

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (3): 73-80. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.03.008

Abstract （655）

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Based on the theories of “Trend of the Times” and “Power”, Hara Takasi formed his view of the US after his visit, which had an important impact on his understanding of the JapanUS relations. Based on his understanding of the United States, he pointed out that special emphasis should be placed on the relationship between Japan and the United States in external relations. In response to the deterioration of JapanUS relations following the JapaneseRussian war, Hara Takasi emphasized the need to ease JapanUS relations. He thought that Japanese Manchurian policy must consider the important influence of US. During World War I, he explained his ideas further and emphasized that JapanUS relations should be close and the war between them should be avoided in order to deal with China. The premise of his diplomatic conception of JapanUS coordination was that US should recognize Japans special status and its traditional rights in China, especially the socalled Manchuria rights. This diplomatic conception was the basis of Japans foreign policy during Hara Takasi cabinet and the core of it was Japans national interests.

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Japans East Asia Summit Diplomacy:Background, Path and Implications

BAI Ruchun

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (4): 1-7. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.04.001

Abstract （701）

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The annual summit of East Asian leaders has become a platform for games between East Asian countries and countries like the United States and Russia. As one of the earliest ASEAN partners for dialogue and cooperation, Japan has long been regionalizing its regional diplomacy through regional, subregional, and bilateral channels, and highlighting its “comprehensive relationship” with ASEAN and Southeast Asian countries. In each of the different stages of these sumits-preparation, conferencing, and implementation of agreementsJapan has formed an effective mode of participation.

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Content, Motives and Influence of Japans IndoPacific Strategy under Multilateral Security Cooperation

GAO Lan

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (4): 8-16. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.04.002

Abstract （902）

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Since 2007, Japans IndoPacific Strategy" has matured. From the perspective of multilateral security cooperation, Japan has constructed a cooperation chain of Japan, USA, Australia and India, which has caused widespread concern in the IndoPacific region.We must carefully analyze the antagonistic elements in its strategic design, promote practical cooperation and common management, to ensure stability and prosperity in the IndoPacific region.

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Security Cooperation of the Abes Administration with Vietnam:Routes, Motives and Effects

CHANG Sichun

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (4): 17-24. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.04.003

Abstract （525）

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Strengthening security cooperation with Vietnam is an important part of Japans security strategy for Southeast Asia. In recent years, the Abe administration has established a positive security diplomacy mechanism through active summit diplomacy. It combines the “soft” and “hard” approaches to help Vietnam to enhance its military strength, and actively strengthens the security cooperation through many other ways, such as military exercises, strategic docking of ships and aircrafts. The Abe administrations deepening security cooperation with Vietnam has multiple strategic considerations, such as enhancing Japans influence on Asia Pacific security, balancing the rise of China and consolidating the achievements of Japans domestic security strategy adjustment. The deepening security cooperation promoted the improvement of JapanVietnam relations, but exacerbated tensions in the South China Sea to a certain extent, increased the pressure on China perimeter security. However, although there is a certain convergence of interests between Japan and Vietnam, their strategic demands are not exactly the same. There are also many restrictive factors in deepening security cooperation. We should pay attention to the strategic focus and resource deployment, boost our strategic confidence, strengthen cooperation with Vietnam, and defeat the scheme of Japan.

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From the Bakumatsu Reforms to the Meiji Ishin: The Interaction between Continuity and Variability

SONG Cheng-you

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (4): 25-33. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.04.004

Abstract （882）

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From 1854 to 1867, the Japanese Bakufu promoted a series of Bakumatsu reforms, namely, Ansei, Benkyu, and Keio, aiming to end underdevelopment and isolation. These reforms mainly involved the foundation of Europeanstyle military academies as well as the modernization of armed forces, the training of qualified diplomats and military personnels, the import and manufacture of western weaponry, and the coordination among the Bakufu, the Tenno and Daimyos. In 1868, the Boshin War broke out. Following the collapse of the Bakufu and the formation of the Meiji government, the Meiji Ishin expanded its modernization efforts with the establishment of a centralized political system and with the introduction of capitalism. In general, the Japanese modernization reforms demonstrate both continuity and variability. On the one hand, originated from the Bakumatsu reforms, the Meiji Ishin shared a similar basic state policy on modernization. On the other hand, the change of the guiding principle of modernization, the different attitude toward the unequal treaties and the establishment of a centralized system also showed discontinuity and variability. This duality of continuity and variability may have resulted from the historical connections between the Tobakuundou and the Meiji Ishin in terms of the global political context, the modernizing process, and the interpersonal connections.

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The National Consciousness of Modern Japan in the Meiji Restoration

LI Xiaobai， ZHOU Songlun

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (4): 34-41. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.04.005

Abstract （675）

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Reviewing research on Meiji Restoration, many scholars have achieved fruitful results, but there are also some unanswered questions. A review of research shows that the view of different times was influenced by different contexts. Meiji Restoration is a typical example, and the original meaning of “Sonnōjōi” is underestimated. Japan established a national system of “one king and all people” during the Meiji Restoration, and its strong national consciousness has been playing an important role in the following more than hundred years.

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The Meiji Restoration and the Formation of Diplomatic System of Modern Japan

SONG Zhiyong

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (4): 42-49. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.04.006

Abstract （943）

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Diplomatic system of modern Japan was gradually formed in the process of Bakumatsu reforms and the Meiji Restoration. It was established in contacts, negotiations and learning with the West. It both adopted the form of Western diplomatic system and inherited traits from Japans traditional political culture. The modernization of diplomacy in Japan was not the result of the Meiji Restoration. The formation of diplomatic awareness, the establishment of the first diplomatic agency, the accumulation of experience in foreign affairs, and the nurturing of future diplomats during the Bakumatsu era-all laid a good foundation for diplomatic modernization of the Meiji government. The focused attention and vigorous push of the Meiji government ensured the formation of diplomatic system of modern Japan within a very short time.

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From Multi to Monoelement Transition: An Aspect of Meiji Diplomacy Revolution and Practice in Japan

ZHANG Xiaogang

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (4): 50-57. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.04.007

Abstract （787）

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At the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, facing the challenges from the Western world, the shogunate could not maintain its diplomatic policies of the old time.The emperor of Japan, the shogunate, and strong local military leaders shared the right of diplomacy.And the “One World Under the Sky” system existed together with the Westphalian system.After the Tokugawa Shogunate, the diplomatic revolution once focused on efforts to achieve a unified diplomacy. The “One World Under the Sky” system was completely abandonned, and the diplomatic rigths were restored to the emperor. Foreign affairs were manipulated in the name of “Office by the Emperor”. With the independence of the Japanese Staff Officer Department from Japanese government, the right of diplomacy was broken,and Japanese Staff Officer Department arbitrarily interpreted the scope of military affairs and exercised de facto diplomatic functions according to their own wishes.Moreover,the wandering militaryman on the continent also engaged in diplomatic activities outside the system through private channels, which further led to the decentralization of the Meiji governments diplomatic decisionmaking power and functions.

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The Freezing and Activation of Revolution：The Single Monarch and Common People Structure in Meiji Restoration

ZHANG Dong

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (4): 58-66. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.04.008

Abstract （787）

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During the turbulent late Shogunate period, Tabernacle Party initiated a movement in the name of emperor's governance and restoration of the past, realized a power revolution, strengthened the imperial power but put it under certain restrictions and froze the revolution with single monarch and common people structure, which also provided the possibility for the practice of modern western political thoughts. The ideas of freedom and civil rights underwent changes during the Meiji Restoration. Take Ueki Mochizuki as an example. He separated civil rights from political power and private rights from public rights, and integrated it into people's right of resistance while giving the emperor great powers.Under the single monarch and common people structure, the concept of natural human rights theory was seemingly powerful but actually fictional. There are opportunities and boundaries for the development of free civil rights. When it attempted to realize the ideals of single monarch and common people structure through representative systems, the fundamental conflicts between them made it possible for the frozen revolution to be activated again.

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The Influence of Chinese Culture on the Iki Aesthetic Standard in the Edo Period-Based on Quotations in The Structure of Iki by Kukisyuuzou

XU Jinfeng

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (4): 67-72. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.04.009

Abstract （730）

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When explaining the iki aesthetic standard, Kukisyuuzou cited a large number of literary works of the Edo period in The Structure of Iki. Most of the citations are quotations of “innjouhonn”. The development of “ninnjouhonn” was deeply influenced by Chinese popular novels. This article discusses the influence of Chinese literature on “ninnjouhonn” and the impact of Chinese culture on iki aesthetic standard in the Edo period.

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The Current Situation and Countermeasures of Elder Abuse in Japan

PIAO Chengri， SHI Xueshan

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (4): 73-80. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.04.010

Abstract （552）

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Japan is one of the countries facing the most serious aging problems. With the increase of the the elderly population, the incidents of elder abuse occurred frequently, which has been a social issue of wide concern. Therefore, Japan clearly defined the meaning, type, and form of expression of elder abuse by enacting the Law of Prevention of Cruelty to the Elderly and Support for the Care and Elder Abuse Response Manual,etc. At the same time, special agencies such as Center Against Elder Abuse and Welfare Service for the Elderly were set up, and effective measures such as “timely decection” and “active intervention” were adopted. At present, Japan has established a topdown countermeasure system and has achieved good results.

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Strategic Considerations and Japanese Attitudes to the Belt and Road Initiative

LIAN Degui

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (5): 1-6. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.05.001

Abstract （551）

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The strategic considerations of Japanese attitudes towards the Belt and Road Initiative have changed under three modes of thinking. First of all, power thinking determined that Japan initially adopted a waitandsee attitude towards the Belt and Road Initiative. Japan, as a major trading nation, is closely following the changes in maritime rights and worried about the loss of interest, hence taking a negative wait-and-see attitude towards the Belt and Road Initiative. Second, interest thinking has influenced Japanese attitudes toward the Belt and Road Initiative. It is estimated that Japan recognizes that the Belt and Road can bring great business opportunities, and Japanese companies can not afford to lose these opportunities. Third, Japans change of attitude towards the Belt and Road Initiative is also based on diplomatic thinking. Mr. Trumps withdrawal from the TPP is a great disappointment to Mr. Abe. The change in the attitude of major countries towards the Belt and Road Initiative is also a stimulus to Abe. In addition, Abe also tried to intervene between SinoRussian relationships. All in all, Japanese attitudes toward the Belt and Road have begun to change. While remaining cautious, Japan seeks power, interests, and diplomatic benefits through conditional support.

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International Structure and Japans Pursuit of Being a Great Power

MENG Xiaoxu

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (5): 7-14. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.05.002

Abstract （587）

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The international structure has a profoundly restrictive impact on Japans foreign strategic choice since its becoming a “ nonnormal country” after the World War Ⅱ. On the other hand, Japan took advantage of the international structure and tried to use it for Japans national development strategy. In the bipolar structure of the Cold War, Japan quickly regained the status of a sovereign nation under the support of the United States and improved its international political status. Japan aimed to be a major political power after becoming a major economic power in the world. When the international structure shifted towards multipolarity, Japan regarded it as an opportunity to become a major political power. Japan participated in international affairs frequently, and took more responsibility. Japan also paid attention to the military transformation, and pushed forward to be a great power. With the deepening of the multipolarity and the rise of the emerging countries today, Japan feels the pressure and threat. Japan begins to accelerate the process of pursuing becoming a great power, especially in terms of military power. However, there are some obstacles for Japan in the pursuit of being a great power.

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The Influence of Think Tanks in the Formation of Japanese Security Policy ——And the Role of a Different Type of Japanese Think Tank

WU Huaizhong

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (5): 15-24. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.05.003

Abstract （542）

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Japans security think tank, though limited in its role in policy formulation, still has considerable influence. The think tanks with certain influence in the field of Japanese security and defense can be divided into four categories: official research institutions, quasiofficial professional think tanks, research institutions affiliated with economic units, various ad hoc advisory committees or groups. These think tanks influence Japans security decisionmaking mainly in three ways: bottomup, topdown, and plane convection. Generally speaking, the fourth of the four categories of think tanks, different from those in other countries, plays an important role in the formation of important security decisions and documents in Japan, which can be called the “alternative Japanese type” security think tank. In the current era, the research contents and political positions of the Japanese security think tanks, including other types of think tanks, have obvious values and policy tendencies, which pose realistic challenges to the improvement of SinoJapan relations and Chinas public diplomacy towards Japan.

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Analysis of the Underlying Purpose and Challenges of Energy Cooperation between Japan and Africa

PANG Zhongpeng

JAPANESE RESEARCH 2018, 32 (5): 25-34. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2018.05.004

Abstract （564）

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The African continent and the offshore areas have abundant energy resources, and Africas position in the international energy market is increasingly prominent. In recent years, Japan has gradually strengthened its energy cooperation with Africa in order to cope with increasing domestic energy demand and at the same time seek to get rid of its dependence on energy in the Middle East. In addition to meeting the dominant purpose of diversifying energy imports, Japans energy cooperation with Africa has other deeper objectives, including highlighting Japans marine geopolitical influence and seeking Japans permanent membership of the UN Security Council. However, Japans energy cooperation with Africa still faces many challenges. The utilitarian purpose of Japan, the competition game with the United States and Europe, and the state of contention with China restrict Japan from further enhancing the level and speed of energy cooperation with Africa.

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