Abstract: At the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, facing the challenges from the Western world, the shogunate could not maintain its diplomatic policies of the old time.The emperor of Japan, the shogunate, and strong local military leaders shared the right of diplomacy.And the “One World Under the Sky” system existed together with the Westphalian system.After the Tokugawa Shogunate, the diplomatic revolution once focused on efforts to achieve a unified diplomacy. The “One World Under the Sky” system was completely abandonned, and the diplomatic rigths were restored to the emperor. Foreign affairs were manipulated in the name of “Office by the Emperor”. With the independence of the Japanese Staff Officer Department from Japanese government, the right of diplomacy was broken,and Japanese Staff Officer Department arbitrarily interpreted the scope of military affairs and exercised de facto diplomatic functions according to their own wishes.Moreover,the wandering militaryman on the continent also engaged in diplomatic activities outside the system through private channels, which further led to the decentralization of the Meiji governments diplomatic decisionmaking power and functions.

Key words: Japan, the Tokugawa Period, multielement, monoelement