Abstract: Japan’s population decline and major changes in its population structure make it face serious population security problems. The basic characteristics of Japan’s population security problems are the serious trend of Japan’s population decline, population aging and low birthrate, serious shortage of productive age population and labor force, and a sharp increase in sparsely populated areas and marginal hamlet. Japan’s population security has brought a heavy burden to Japan’s national finances and people’s lives. The domestic political situation has become more conservative under the influence of “white-haired democracy”. Members of the Self-Defense Force and national defense security have been affected, and the comprehensive national strength and international influence have been increasingly weakened. Japan is increasing the size of the population, improving the age structure of the population, enhancing the comprehensive quality of the population, and striving to ensure the population security through the“strategy against aging society”and the “strategy against low birthrate”. At the same time, it also strives to improve the social security system, build a regional symbiotic society, and alleviate population security problem and its impact on future trends through a series of comprehensive measures, such as the integrated reform of social security and taxation, and the construction of a regional comprehensive care system.

Key words: population security, population aging and low birthrate, population of production age, sustainable development, comprehensive national strength, Japan