Japanese Research

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Shintoism and Ancient Japanese Politics

CAI Fenglin

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (1): 1-12. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.01.001

Abstract （434）

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The formation and development of Shintoism in Japan is a process in which nature worship and spiritual beliefs were factitiously transformed into political mythology, theoretical religion and national philosophy out of nationalist purposes in the historical context of ancient East Asia. Shintoism, with the characteristics of serving politics and even being a political thought itself, constituted the ideological basis of ancient Japanese politics. Shintoism was the spiritual pillar supporting the internal and foreign affairs of ancient Japan, which had a great impact on ancient Japanese politics. Shintoisms political influence on modern Japan is a continuation of ancient times. Ancient Japan understood and absorbed Chinese ideology and culture based on Shintoism. The development of the history of ancient Japanese thought is a process of returning to Shintoism and moving forward in the process of nationalization while absorbing Chinese thought.

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Policies and Thoughts on Population Increase in Late Tokugawa Japan ——Taking an Examination on Mito Domain

FEI Qingbo

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (1): 13-23. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.01.002

Abstract （271）

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During the period from the Kyōhō famine to the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, population growth stagnated in many areas of Japan due to disasters and epidemics, abortions and mabiki, and farmers quitting agriculture and leaving the countryside. To solve the economic and political difficulties caused by this, many domains carried out childcare reforms. During the KanseiBunka period and the Tenpō period, Mito Domain introduced childrearing relief, a population control system, and a ban against abortionmabiki. The discourse of population increase was also based on the population theory of agriculturalism, which developed with the reform. In the fight against abortionmabiki and in saving the loss of agricultural population, the Mito scholars theory was originally based on the idea of benevolent policy to impose ethical instructions on individuals and purge the administrative style, which was developed into a strategy to suppress leaving farmers from the agricultural political theory. Eventually, under the pressure of external threats, the theory is integrated into the context of nationalistic discussion. The population was regarded as an important resource to safeguard Japans interests, security, and superiority. This deduction is both a product of the changing diplomatic environment and the source of the modern wartime concept of fertility mobilization.

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An Analysis of Kishida Cabine's Prime Minister's Leadership in Decisionmaking: Features and Implementation Dilemma ——Take the Promulgation Process of “Economic Security Bill” as an Example

CONG Yining1，ZHANG Xiaolei2

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (1): 24-34. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.01.003

Abstract （95）

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In order to effectively deal with the disadvantages of the official residence decision making left by the previous regime and seek longterm stability in power, the Kishida Cabinet continues the official residenceled form of government decisionmaking on the one hand, and on the other hand, it sought for the coordination of opinions and opinions of external decision making subjects in the process of decisionmaking of the official residence. As an important part of the promotion of the cabinets “kanban policy”, the “continuity” and “coordination” characteristics of the official residence were clearly reflected in the process of formulation and introduction of the Economic Security Bill. However, in the actual implementation led by the official residence, the Kishida Cabinet was still severely restricted by the “lack of” personal political leadership of the Prime Minister, which led to the overall poor actual effect of the official residenceled policy. Coupled with the mutual influence of institutional and domestic political factors, it is also difficult for the Prime Minister to resolve the dilemma of his ineffective political leadership. With the weakening of the governing foundation for a long time, the overall outlook for the Kishida cabinet to promote the leadership of the official residence is also uncertain.

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The IndoPacific Strategy of the Kishida Administration: New Progression and China‘s Response

XU Jinjin，YIN Zuochen

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (1): 35-46. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.01.004

Abstract （435）

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The IndoPacific Strategy of the Kishida administration is the continuation and development of the overall concept of the IndoPacific Strategy of former Japanese Prime Minister Abe. The IndoPacific Strategy of the Kishida administration aims to curb Chinas development, achieve the balance of power in the IndoPacific region, promote the implementation of the “new capitalism” policy, and enhance strategic autonomy. After taking office, the Kishida administration comprehensively promoted the IndoPacific Strategy from the political, economic, diplomatic, defense and other aspects. Politically, the Kishida administration continued to consolidate the USJapan alliance and build a new framework for ChinaJapan relations. Economically, it creates new impetus for economic growth and strengthens economic security. Diplomatically, it emphasizes value diplomacy and forms democratic alliances. In terms of defense, it focuses on the military security of the IndoPacific region and enhances self defense capabilities. However, the implementation of the Kishida administrations strategy still faces many challenges. First, Japans domestic problems will hamper the implementation of the Kishida administrations IndoPacific Strategy. Second, Japans partnership is not stable, and ASEAN countries are unwilling to follow Japans IndoPacific Strategy. Third, it is difficult for Japans IndoPacific Strategy to get rid of the influence of the United States to achieve strategic independence. Fourth, ChinaJapan cooperation under the framework of the IndoPacific Strategy is difficult to achieve. In addition, the expansion of Chinas influence will restrict the actual effect of the Kishida administrations IndoPacific Strategy. The IndoPacific Strategy of the Kishida administration has had a certain negative impact on ChinaJapan relations. China should respond in a prudent manner, manage and control differences, and bring ChinaJapan relations into the track of sound development.

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Perceived Nuclear Safety in East Asia: A Comparative Study on China, Japan, and South Korea

HE Yanmin, LEE Soocheol, ZHAO Di

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (1): 47-61. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.01.005

Abstract （402）

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In order to institutionalize nuclear risk information exchange within the region so as to establish an effective system for nuclear safety collaboration across East Asia, this paper surveyed 1563 residents in China, Japan, and South Korea on their knowledge of nuclear power in East Asia, their understanding of nuclear safety policies of their nation, their perceptions of nuclear safety in their nation, and their views on nuclear safety collaboration across East Asia. The results showed that residents in the capitals of China, Japan, and South Korea lacked basic knowledge of nuclear or understanding of nuclear safety policies of their nation, while they placed low trust in nuclear safety and information disclosure of the government and nuclear plant operators. Moreover, a majority of the respondents believed that there were no nuclear safety institutions in East Asia, or if there were, they were not a good guarantee of nuclear safety. In this study, real and comprehensive data on the knowledge and acceptance of nuclear power among residents in the capital cities of China, Japan, and South Korea were collected by means of questionnaires. Through a comparative analysis of the publics knowledge of nuclear power basics, their level of awareness of nuclear powerrelated risks, as well as their acceptance of their own nuclear power policies and their attitudes toward nuclear safety collaboration issues among countries in the East Asian region, recommendations are ultimately proposed that will help the East Asian region move toward a safer nuclear power business, with a view to contributing to the construction and design of future nuclear safety regimes in the East Asian region.

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The Social Practice Activities of Japan Green Scouts and Its Implications from the Perspective of Children's Socialization

XUE Guofeng

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (1): 62-70. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.01.006

Abstract （229）

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Green Scouts, as a children's organization under the leadership of the National Land Afforestation Promotion Organization of public welfare organizations in Japan, is established in schools or regions to publicize and practice the green action and cultivate children's social responsibility through forest learning and volunteer services. From the perspective of organizational education, the organizational goal is the organic unity of children's future responsibility and current quality cultivation.The contents of practical activities focus on the combination of personal growth and social services under the main line of “green”. The social practice activities by Green Scouts in Japan promote the socialization of children in a multidimensional way, including promoting children's role socialization with a realworld experience, promoting the moral socialization of children through community environmental protection, enhancing children's cognitive socialization through social service activities, and training children's communication socialization through mutual assistance and cooperation. The main paths to carry out social practice activities include adult demonstration and practical guidance, joint education of schools and communities, and online display and publicity. The implications for China are that, when promoting social practice activities of children's organization in China, it is necessary to pay attention to maintaining the openness of social practice activities, designing regional social practice activities, training problemsolving abilities, and promoting the sustainability of social practice activities.

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The New Model of Mutualaid Community Service for the Aged in Japan and its Implications for China ——From the Perspective of Intercultural Education

CAO Youshun1，HU Peng2

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (1): 71-80. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.01.007

Abstract （382）

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The new model of mutualaid community service for the aged is a social support activity other than family care, governmental care, and commercial elder care. It is a social support activity of selfmanagement and mutual assistance based on geographical relations, centered on voluntary participation of residents, driven by exchange and reciprocity. It is also an exploration and practice for Japan to cope with the issue of population ageing. Under the background of increasing population ageing, the new Japanese model of mutualaid community service for the aged not only meets the diversified needs of the elderly care, but also improves the level of active population ageing. At the same time, it still plays a role in alleviating the pressure on families and the government to provide for the elderly. The new Japanese model of mutualaid community service for the aged has certain implications for China's response to the ageing population as well.

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An Analysis of Japan’s Foreign Policy during the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

QIAO Linsheng

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (2): 1-13. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.02.001

Abstract （326）

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The outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict had a great impact on the Japanese society, which had been under the influence of pacifism for a long time. The Japanese government not only condemned Russia’s military actions, but also cooperated with European and American countries to assist Ukraine and gradually strengthened economic sanctions against Russia. At the bilateral level, Japan's diplomatic measures directly led to the significant deterioration of Japan-Russia relations, promoted the rapid improvement of JapanUkraine relations, and further strengthened the alliance between Japan and the United States. At the multilateral level, it has promoted cooperation between Japan and G7 countries, strengthened Japan's ties with NATO, and also led to Japan increasing its efforts to promote the Indo-Pacific strategy. At the same time, the Russia-Ukraine Conflict accelerated the transformation of Japan's security strategy and propelled Japan towards a “normalized country”. The Japanese government has provided non-lethal military equipment such as body armor and helmets to Ukraine, which is in a state of war, for the first time, and Prime Minister Kishida also made an exception to become the first Japanese leader to visit a war area in Japan's post-war history.

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The Cognitive Logic of Energy Security in Post-War Japan: Also on the Energy Cognition During the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

YIN Xiaoliang, LI Tianyi

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (2): 14-22. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.02.002

Abstract （319）

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“Energy cognition” is a precondition for the formulation and implementation of energy policies, while energy policies are the product of “energy cognition”. In post-war Japan, cognition of energy security has undergone a structural transformation from a “single view” to a “comprehensive view”. In terms of connotation, it has undergone a process of “coal security concept” -“oil security concept” -“3E security concept” - “3E+S security concept”. Both the “coal security concept” and the “oil security concept” are based on a single energy source, which featured the “incrementorientedness” in policy design and practice. In the early 1990s, Japan deepened its cognition by adding “economic efficiency” and “environmental” to the single “energy security”. However, the 311 earthquake and the Fukushima nuclear accident revealed the shortcomings of the “3E security concept” . In response, Japan added “safety“ and upgraded it to the “3E+S security concept”, which balanced security with stability, efficiency and environmental protection. After the Russia-Ukraine conflict, there are emerging changes of the cognition of energy security in Japan,such as from a defensive approach to energy risks to active participation in global energy security governance, and a combination of the goals in “ex-Russia” and “ex-carbon”.

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The Japanese Economy Under the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Shocks, Countermeasures, and Structural Dilemmas

HE Cheng

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (2): 23-37. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.02.003

Abstract （567）

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The RussiaUkraine conflict has caused great uncertainty to the world economy, and the impact was quickly transmitted to Japan through trade and investment channels. The Japanese economy has been hit hard by the RussiaUkraine conflict. At the macro level, Japans real GDP has relapsed into recession, with high prices, sluggish consumer demand, and the current account balance turning from positive to negative. At the micro level, the business environment of enterprises has seriously deteriorated, especially for the small and mediumsized enterprises. Due to the squeezed profit margins, those enterprises are facing a crisis of survival. In response to the shock, Japan adopted relatively active economic countermeasures. However, these internal and external economic policies present various contradictions, exposing the internal structural difficulties of the Japanese economy. Currently, Japan takes the RussiaUkraine conflict as an opportunity to accelerate the promotion of economic security. But the real problems for Japan do not come from external uncertainties, but are rooted within the Japanese economy. Once the economic security strategy turn towards industrial protectionism, it will not only fail to guarantee basic economic security, but will bring even greater crises to the Japanese economy.

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Consistency or Inconsistency Between Diplomatic Language and Actions: The Logic of Japan's Diplomacy Toward Russia in the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict

ZHANG Jiayu

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (2): 38-48. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.02.004

Abstract （356）

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This paper provides an analysis of Japans diplomatic approach towards Russia during the RussianUkrainian conflict, which reflects the contradictory and pragmatic characteristics inherent in Japanese diplomacy. By integrating materialistic and idealistic factors proposed by Wendt, this study examines Japans diplomatic language and actions. The findings indicate that Japans cognition of national interests, encompassing economic wealth and selfesteem, is jointly determined by materialistic and idealistic factors, thereby influencing the consistency or inconsistency between Japans diplomatic language and actions. When materialistic and idealistic factors have the same influence on the cognition of national interests, or when they are inconsistent but materialistic factors are not directly related to national security, Japan maintains consistency between diplomatic language and actions. However, when materialistic and idealistic factors clash in their influence on the cognition of national interests, particularly when materialistic factors directly relate to national security, Japan reveals incongruity between its diplomatic language and actions. In light of this, China should not only “heed its words” but also “observe its actions” closely, scrutinizing the underlying logic behind Japans diplomatic language and actions in order to discern the true intentions behind Japans diplomacy.

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An Analysis of Sino-Japanese Academic Exchanges since the Normalization of Diplomatic Relations ——Centered on Japanese Studies

TANG Yongliang, WANG Zhentao

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (2): 49-60. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.02.005

Abstract （257）

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It has been half a century since the normalization of China-Japan diplomatic relations. During this period, along with the changes in the international political structure and the domestic situations of China and Japan, the political relations between the two countries have been moving forward amidst fluctuations, while cultural exchanges, including academic exchanges, have become an important bridge to promote communication and mutual understanding between the two countries. Taking Japanese studies as the starting point and focusing on the main subjects and important events of Sino-Japanese academic exchanges since the establishment of diplomatic relations, we try to analyze the process, characteristics and functions of Sino-Japanese academic exchanges, which may provide a perspective for constructing Sino-Japanese relations in the new era.

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A Review of Domestic Research on Issues Related to Japan and Africa in the 21st Century

ZOU Shengying

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (2): 61-69. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.02.006

Abstract （176）

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Since the beginning of the Cold War, with the independence of African colonies, Japan has begun to pay attention to the emergence of young countries on the African continent. For Japan, Africa is of unique strategic importance, not only because it contains a lot of natural resources, but also has a market with a large population, and the cooperation of African countries helps Japan to pursue its UN diplomacy. Compared with research on China-Japan, Japan-U.S., and Japan-Europe related issues, domestic academics started late in the study of Japan-Africa related issues. But as China-Africa cooperation becomes closer and the African continent has once again become the stage of the great power game,studying Japan-Africa relations, Japans strategy towards Africa and Japan's dynamics in Africa can not only enrich our understanding of Japan's future direction, but also, by looking into the case of Japan's assistance to Africa, provide important implications for China to play an active role in international affairs.

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Practice of Japanese Electoral Politics from the End of Edo Period to the Early Meiji Period

ZHANG Yanru

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (2): 70-80. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.02.007

Abstract （288）

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From the End of Edo Period to the Early Meiji Period, there were active theoretical discussions in the Japanese government and civil society on electoral politics. With the gradual deepening of theoretical discussion, in the realm of political thought, the meaning of election has gradually changed from official selection and recommendation to parliamentary election. Accompanied by theoretical discussion, the central and local governments at all levels have also tried out some election measures and electoral system investigation in the frequent system adjustment. The Gisei-kan, The kogisho, The shugiin, The Sain and The Genroin all had the nature of institutions that discuss politics, and there was a certain inheritance relationship between them. The selection of the constituent members of those institutions and the institutional investigation carried out by them are all aimed at enlarging the scope of political participants and promoting talents. It can be seen as a conservative electoral political practice by the central government. At the same time, accompanied by the local system reform, especially driven by the freedom and civil rights movement, the government carried out relatively open electoral political practice at the local level. The practice of election of members of the local assembly had accumulated experience in the design of the election system when the assembly was later established, and cultivated talents for political discussion. In the discussions and practices of early election politics, we can see not only the mixture and collision of western political ideas and traditional political culture, but also the interweaving and entanglement of different political trends, political demands, and political explorations. The complex political reality of the early Meiji era is revealed.

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The Impact of Japan’s Population Security on Its Future Trend and Countermeasures

TIAN Xianglan, MA Zihan

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (3): 1-8. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.03.001

Abstract （257）

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Japan’s population decline and major changes in its population structure make it face serious population security problems. The basic characteristics of Japan’s population security problems are the serious trend of Japan’s population decline, population aging and low birthrate, serious shortage of productive age population and labor force, and a sharp increase in sparsely populated areas and marginal hamlet. Japan’s population security has brought a heavy burden to Japan’s national finances and people’s lives. The domestic political situation has become more conservative under the influence of “white-haired democracy”. Members of the Self-Defense Force and national defense security have been affected, and the comprehensive national strength and international influence have been increasingly weakened. Japan is increasing the size of the population, improving the age structure of the population, enhancing the comprehensive quality of the population, and striving to ensure the population security through the“strategy against aging society”and the “strategy against low birthrate”. At the same time, it also strives to improve the social security system, build a regional symbiotic society, and alleviate population security problem and its impact on future trends through a series of comprehensive measures, such as the integrated reform of social security and taxation, and the construction of a regional comprehensive care system.

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Female Poverty in Japan from the Perspective of Gender: Group Composition, Causes, and Coping Strategy

LI Zheng

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (3): 9-21. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.03.002

Abstract （412）

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During the 30 years of Heisei, the poverty of Japanese women worsened. Young single women, single parent women(single mothers)and single elderly women constitute the main poverty groups of women. The poverty rate of the former exceeds 30%, and the latter two exceed 50%, far higher than the average level in Japan. The reason for womens poverty is that the traditional gender division of labor is still deeply rooted, and the institutional oppression and gender inequality in the workplace are still strong. Due to the unfriendly employment environment, poor women are in a disadvantageous position in the workplace. They are mostly engaged in informal employment with low wages and poor benefits. Over the past 30 years, the size of Japanese families has gradually shrunk and their functions have weakened. The social security system based on marriage relations has lagged behind the times. In particular, the arrival of the “single society” has actually exacerbated womens poverty. The Japanese government has launched a series of policies and measures to solve womens poverty, such as equal rights for men and women, promotion of womens participation in the workplace, and childcare support, but the effect is not as good as expected.

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The Development Experience and Implications of Dementia Welfare Policies for Elderly Care Residents in Japan

WANG Jitong

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (3): 22-34. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.03.003

Abstract （179）

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Japan, the first country in the world to enter the super-aging society, has been committed to exploring the professional care mode of dementia and building a sustainable comprehensive care system for dementia since the 1980s, and has accumulated much practical experience. Based on Japans official open data, this paper explores the key points of dementia care in different periods by sorting out the development process of its dementia welfare policy. Drawing on the experience of Japan and taking into account the current situation in China, this paper proposes to establish specialized nursing services for dementia, develop community embedded nursing institutions, establish long-term nursing service system, and establish a comprehensive integrated community with medical and nursing integrated service, which has practical implications for China. This is conducive to building a professional, efficient, sustainable, and comprehensive integrated dementia nursing residential support system in China, and to achieving a service-oriented and dignified elderly life with dementia.

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Japan’s Diplomacy towards the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Manifestations, Causes, Challenges, and Trends

PANG Zhongpeng

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (3): 35-46. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.03.004

Abstract （184）

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Given the crucial geopolitical position of the Eastern Mediterranean region, Japan has taken the opportunity to strengthen its diplomacy towards the region in recent years. Japan’s diplomacy in the Eastern Mediterranean region focuses heavily on promoting the resolution of hot and difficult issues in the region, maritime cooperation, energy cooperation, refugee assistance, and non-traditional security issues. While continuing to consolidate and deepen relations with important countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region, Japan has also gradually expanded its diplomacy with less influential countries such as Tunisia, Libya, and Syria in recent years. Japan’s continuous strengthening of diplomacy towards the Eastern Mediterranean region can be analyzed and interpreted from various aspects such as seeking geopolitical interests and demonstrating global influence. Due to various constraints, Japan’s diplomacy in the Eastern Mediterranean region will face some challenges and problems in the future.

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Coupling between the Training of Highly Skilled Workers and Japanese HRM Systems

JIANG Chunhua, HAN Bing

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (3): 47-59. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.03.005

Abstract （128）

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The competitive advantage of Japanese manufacturing industry lies in the coupling relationship between the training of highly skilled workers and the Japanese HRM system. “Intellectual skills” are the key to cultivating highly skilled workers. It forms a coupling relationship with the work incentives generated under the HRM system. From the perspective of SHRM, the organizational characteristics of Japanese companies “operational-oriented” strategy and “group dynamics”, as well as the coupling between HRM systems, have both external and internal integration, resulting in the development of a large number of highly skilled workers in the production field. The coupling of HRM system leads to the phenomenon of “the management model of white-collar class applying to blue-color class”. At the beginning of a new era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, this paper demonstrates the theory of high-skilled workers training and HRM practice experience in Japanese manufacturing industry to provide some reference and inspiration for the development of Chinas manufacturing industry.

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Text and Interpretation: Research on the Meiji Constitution

ZHANG Dong

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (3): 60-70. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.03.006

Abstract （208）

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In terms of text interpretation, the text itself, the effect and impact of the text, etc. together constitute the object of the interpreters understanding, and it is difficult for the interpreter to fully know the original meaning of the text. The same is true of constitutional texts. Particularly, articles of the Meiji Constitution are simple. It is necessary to rely on extra-textual factors when interpreting them. After Meiji restoration, one-sovereign and all people became the fundamental political foundation of Japan. The Mikados governance and the principle of “public discussion” were introduced into the Meiji Constitution and gradually institutionalized. The parliament participated in legislation but was not the main body of legislative power. The non-legal nature of the budget also limited the budget power of the parliament, but Article 67 of the constitution provided the possibility of compromise between the government and the parliament. The Meiji Constitution adopted the functional separation of power under the Mikados sovereignty, but Article 67 of the constitution provided a possibility for the compromise between the government and parliament. During the process of implementing the constitution, political conventions of senior statesman, cabinet unification, and imperias independence could supplement the deviation between constitution articles and practical politics, driving the staged changes between the constitutional interpretation and political state. While studying the Meiji Constitution, we should not be limited to the text, but should examine the context, the actions of politicians, laws and regulations, constitutional interpretation, and public opinion.

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Administrative Authority Issues in Japanese Epidemic Prevention Legislation

LI Wenming

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (3): 71-80. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.03.007

Abstract （71）

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In 1999, Japan made a change in the epidemic prevention legislation system by abolishing the Infectious Diseases Law of “great executive power” and implementing the Infectious Diseases Law of “small executive power”. Although this change avoids the malpractice of “excessive epidemic prevention” in some infectious diseases that can be effectively controlled by the Infectious Diseases Law, it also causes the problem of insufficient emergency authority of Japanese epidemic prevention administration in response to special major epidemics. After that, Japan supplemented this deficiency by enacting the New Influenza Special Measures Act. In 2020, Japan passed special legislation to expand the scope of application of the New Influenza Special Measures Act, which not only gives administrative agencies certain special measures in response to the coronavirus pandemic, but also sets a legislative precedent for responding to other major emerging infectious disease outbreaks in the future.

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The Foreign Policy of Japan's Yoshihide Suga Cabinet towards the Biden Administration of the United States

ZHOU Yongsheng, WANG Shan

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (4): 1-15. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.04.001

Abstract （39）

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As the successor of Shinzo Abe, Japan's longestserving prime minister, Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga said in his congressional policy address that the JapanUS alliance is the cornerstone of Japan's diplomacy and security. It is also the foundation of freedom, peace and prosperity in the IndoPacific region and the international community. Japan will work with Presidentelect Joe Biden to further strengthen solidarity between Japan and the United States. JapanUS relations will continue to cooperate in bilateral, international, regional, and human rights political relations. There are important differences in the governing ideas and styles between Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga and President Biden, but this will not lead to major differences and conflicts in the relations and policies between Japan and the United States. It is easy to form a new complementarity of relations and policies between the two countries－ from the Abe administration to induce the Trump administration in the international pattern and policies in the past, to the Biden administration to lead allies such as Japan, using various international institutions and systems around the world to safeguard the values and national interests of the United States, while the Japanese government of Yoshihide Suga followed the United States closely to realize its own national interests.

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Reconstruction of Northeast Asia's Security and Development Environment: From the Perspective of Human Security Community

GE Jianhua

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (4): 16-28. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.04.002

Abstract （41）

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To build a human security community, we need to deal with several pairs of relations: the “sustainable security concept” that focuses on security and development, the “cooperative security concept” that coordinates ones own security and common security, the “dialectical security concept” that establishes relative security and absolute security, and the “comprehensive security concept” that advocates traditional security and nontraditional security. However, there are four shortcomings in Northeast Asias security situation, namely, the asymmetry of Northeast Asias security structure－the imbalance between the short security board and the long economic board; the instability of the security situation－the mismatch between absolute security and relative security; the vulnerability of Northeast Asian security－the lack of comprehensive security of traditional security and nontraditional security; the competition of security consciousness in Northeast Asia－the opposition between selfsecurity and common security. To this end, in view of the shortcomings, we should take cooperative security as the guide to address the imbalance of Northeast Asias security structure, take common security as the core to address the vulnerability of Northeast Asias security, take sustainable security as the driving force to resolve contradictions and eliminate the soil of insecurity and instability, and take comprehensive security as the guarantee to coordinate and promote security governance in Northeast Asia. We should foster a strategic security environment conducive to peace and development in Northeast Asia by building a community of shared future for human security.

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The Effect and Enlightenment of Japans Reconstruction of “Domestic DemandOriented” Economic Development Strategy

JIN Renshu

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (4): 29-40. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.04.003

Abstract （218）

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In the 1970s, in order to cope with the two oil crises, stagflation, and domestic economic downturn, Japan implemented the “external demandoriented” economic development strategy, which led to the fierce trade friction between Japan and the United States. Under the internal and external pressure, Japan has been committed to the reconstruction of the “domestic demandled” economic development strategy since the 1980s. It not only formulated the strategic goal of promoting the “domestic demandled” economic development, but also implemented a series of macroeconomic policies to expand domestic demand, that is, to optimize the industrial structure through technological innovation, improve the quality of economic growth and so on. However, Japan has not been able to turn to the “domestic demandoriented” economic development because of the lagging reform of the “domestic demandoriented” economic structure, the repeated mistakes of macroeconomic regulation and control policies, and the decline of international competitiveness. Obviously, Japans economic “structural reform paradox”has important reference significance for China to build a “double circulation” development pattern.

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The “Dividend First Doctrine” of Japan‘s Non-Zaibatsu Joint-Stock Companies and Its Postwar Legacy

PING Liqun

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (4): 41-51. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.04.004

Abstract （49）

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The choice of institutions in human evolution is influenced by collective perceptions based on historical experience. The nonZaibatsu jointstock companies were Japans initial practice of the Western jointstock company system. Non Zaibatsu jointstock companies, which rely on capital markets to raise funds, are characterized by “Dividend First Doctrine,” whether controlled by a majority shareholder who is a parttime director or by a majority shareholder who is a fulltime director and operator. The shortterm behavior of excessive dividends caused by the “Dividend First Doctrine” seriously hinders the development of the company. Public opinion attributed the shortterm behavior of “Dividend First Doctrine” to the control of major shareholders. As a result, a negative impression of shareholders control was created in Japanese society. After World War II, a consensus was formed in Japanese society to weaken the legitimacy of shareholders power by establishing a nonmarket governance mechanism based on the collective memory that “control by major shareholders is not conducive to sustainable corporate development”. The historical legacy of corporate governance practices of nonZaibatsu jointstock companies has become an important factor influencing the evolution of corporate governance in Japan.

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An Analysis of the Characteristics of the Construction of Japanese Tea Ceremony Spirit

ZHANG Jianli

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (4): 52-61. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.04.005

Abstract （108）

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The Japanese tea ceremony is a unique and comprehensive life culture gradually formed during the localization of Chinese tea ceremony and Western cultural values. China is not only the birthplace of tea trees, but also the birthplace of tea ceremony culture. Japan, limited by its material and spiritual shortcomings in the cultural downstream, adhered to the policy of “confusion and Han marginalization” in the process of regulating and constructing its tea ceremony culture, and developed and abandoned the concept of Chinese tea ceremony. Since the 20th century, with a strong sense of self sufficiency, the Japanese tea people have explored the concepts of “democracy”, “equality”, and “freedom” in Japanese tea ceremonies, deliberately strengthening their identity with Western cultural values. The Japanese tea ceremony is a product of the development of the times. The construction of the Japanese tea ceremony spirit that keeps up with the times not only reflects some regular characteristics of Japan‘s absorption of foreign culture, but also highlights some typical characteristics of Japan’s national character.

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A Comparison between China and Japans Traditions of Living in Seclusion

CAO Yongjie

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (4): 62-70. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.04.006

Abstract （91）

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Both China and Japan have a long tradition of withdrawing from the society and living in seclusion. Although the Japanese tradition is deeply influenced by the Chinese tradition, the two traditions differ in terms of the identity and number of hermits, the types of seclusion, and the thinking and motive for the lifestyle. In China a hermit is a scholar who chooses to withdraw from the public and political life, be it a Confucianist, who waits for a better chance or a Taoist, who aims to be true and protect himself, and there are systematic thoughts thereof. While in Japan a hermit can originally be one with royal blood, a noble, a warrior or even a civilian who realizes the vanity of life or pursues a life of refinement, and qualification is uniformly through conversion to Buddhism. Japanese thoughts upon living in seclusion find their origin in Chinese Taoism and Buddhism, and flow within the banks of Japans own tradition after merging with its local culture. Behind the scene lies the clear variation between the two nations in political system, social structure, philosophical tradition, and psychological mechanism in their ancient times.

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Japan’s Experience in Safeguarding Festival-Type Intangible Cultural Heritage: An Overseas Ethnographic Study

FANG Yun 1，TIAN Zhaoyuan 2

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (4): 71-80. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.04.007

Abstract （154）

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Under the framework of international cooperation in the safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, the protection of Chinas festival heritage requires an international research perspective. The ethnography of overseas festivals is the reflection of the exchange, interaction, and construction of identity of multicultural festival spaces by placing festival heritage in an international context. The study of the Kunchi Festival in Nagasaki Japan can be conducted from the perspective of overseas ethnography of the festival, and the process of blending and interacting between Japanese local culture and traditional Chinese culture can be deeply described. Through the analysis of the core rituals, organizational practices, and constantly evolving celebration activities of the Kunchi Festival, the characteristics and functions of cultural interaction between different historical stages and regional communities can be presented clearly, thereby highlighting the function and utility of festival heritage in constructing cultural identity and national identity. The new community structure relationship, efficient operation mechanism, economic production efficiency and multidimensional cultural identity construction path formed in the practice of safeguarding festivals heritage are worth being examined about its successful experiences and models, so as to provide reference for Chinas festival heritage protection.

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DecisionMaking Process and Characteristics of Kishida Cabinet‘s Defense Policy Adjustment:Taking the Advance of Counterstrike Capabilities as an Example

BAO Xiaqin, CHEN Dengping

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (5): 1-12. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.05.001

Abstract （62）

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Kishida Cabinet‘s revision of the three security documents is a major adjustment of Japan’s defense policy after World War II, and its core is to possess the counterstrike capabilities. Because of Kishidas weak political base and weak cabinet, he had to rely on the Liberal Democratic Party and the United States to assist in decisionmaking. Driven by him, the LDP played a key role in the decisionmaking process about the counterstrike capabilities, and this process reflected the obvious characteristic of “High Government and High Party”. The LDP had led the discussion on the specifics of the counterstrike capabilities and had clarified the equipment and technology needed for them in cooperation with the Defense Ministry. However, the conservative forces of the LDP, which had been gaining power, were in conflict with Kishida over the budget and financial resources needed for the counterstrike capabilities, threatening his decisionmaking power. On the other hand, the United States also played a boosting and accelerating role in the decisionmaking process, and may continue to affect the implementation process of Japan’s counterstrike capabilities in the future.

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An Analysis of Hara Cabinet‘s Reforms of Official Appointment System

WEN Chunmei

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (5): 13-21. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.05.002

Abstract （88）

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In Japanese academia, the relationship between pre-World War II Japanese political parties and bureaucrats has traditionally been seen as one of opposition. However, during the late Meiji era to the early Taisho era, a distinct political system known as the “Kei-En System” emerged. This system saw Katsura Taro, representing the domain-based bureaucrats, and Saionji Kinmochi, the president of the Rikken Seiyūkai (Association of Friends of Constitutional Government), taking turns in power for 12 years. The “Kei-En System” reflected a nuanced political structure that went beyond mere confrontation, incorporating elements of coordinated cooperation between political parties and bureaucrats. This paper delves into the insights provided by the Hara Takashi Diary to analyze the concepts behind the reforms of official appointment system and their implementation by Hara Takashi, who was also the president of the Rikken Seiyūkai. It demonstrates how Hara successfully brought numerous experienced bureaucrats into the folds of the Rikken Seiyūkai and implemented reform measures, including broadening the scope for making appointments to highgrade senior officials. These measures not only expanded the Rikken Seiyūkai‘s influence to encompass antiparty domain-based bureaucrats,but also hastened the trend of bureaucrats joining political parties and running for elected positions-an occurrence referred to as the “bureaucratic partyization”.At the same time, by continuing the strategy of “bureaucratic partyization” that had been in place since the Kei-En era, Hara absorbed a large number of senior officials with administrative experience into the Rikken Seiyūkai (Association of Friends of Constitutional Government), thus reserving administrative talents for the transition to party politics.

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A Study on Changes of Family Structure in Japan

WANG Lei1, ZHANG Zhuoran2

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (5): 22-31. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.05.003

Abstract （361）

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Family is the basic unit of social composition, and the family structure affects the overall social and economic development of the population through its direct effect on family relations and family functions. Based on the data of previous national surveys, this paper comprehensively describes the overall situation and prominent characteristics of family structure changes in Japan from 1960 to 2020, and systematically analyzes the dynamic mechanism of family structure changes and its impact on Japan’s population, social development, and economic development. The findings are as follows. Firstly, while the total number of Japanese households continues to expand, the average size of the households keeps shrinking. Secondly, the overall trends of Japanese family household structure include the stability of nuclear families, the decline of stem families and the rise of single households. Lastly, the overall characteristics of the change of nuclear families include the shrinkage of the standard nuclear families, the expansion of the nuclear families consisting of only one couple and the slight increase of singleparent nuclear families. The author believes that the multiple driving forces of Japanese family structure change are demographic, economic, social, and cultural causes including subreplacement fertility and aging population, stagnation of economic development and increase of female labor force participation rate, collapse of family system and equality of the family system, and the trend of staying single and emancipation of women’s mind. The changes of Japanese family structure have a profound impact on its population, social, economic, and cultural development.

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An Analysis of the Japanese Industry Associations Perception of “Nuclear Wastewater Disposal”

FENG Ningmo, YOU Liliang

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (5): 32-39. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.05.004

Abstract （55）

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The study of Japanese industry associations‘ perceptions of “nuclear sewage disposal” is of practical significance in grasping the domestic public opinion faced by the Japanese government’s forcible activation of “nuclear wastewater disposal”, and has an important reference value in judging the political and economic impacts of “nuclear wastewater disposal”. This article selects nine mainstream industry associations in Japan as analysis samples and examines nine representative research results published by them. Research shows that the Japanese industry associations perception of “nuclear wastewater disposal” is mainly driven by rational opposition, while economic interests, respect for science, and responsiveness to public opinion are the main drivers of its perception. The dissemination of these perceptions of rational opposition may deepen the Japanese people‘s skepticism towards “nuclear wastewater disposal”, and may even lead to continuous protests by the people. Although the perception of stubborn support echoes the “harmlessness theory” of the Japanese government and the United States, it is difficult to appease the Japanese people.

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Research on the Impact of Japanese Government Investment Intervention on the Profitability of SMR

YANG Yusen

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (5): 40-53. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.05.005

Abstract （50）

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As a chartered company, the South Manchuria Railway Company, Ltd. (SMR) is regarded as a typical case of the interaction between Japanese bureaucracy and enterprises. There is a strong economic and political relationship between the Japanese government and the SMR. However, existing research seldom analyzes divergences of Japanese government‘s intervention in various periods from the perspective of business history, nor does it discuss the economic impact of such intervention on the SMR’s operation. In fact, As a chartered company, the South Manchuria Railway Company, Ltd. (SMR) is regarded as a typical case of the interaction between Japanese bureaucracy and enterprises. There is a strong economic and political relationship between the Japanese government and the SMR. However, existing research seldom analyzes divergences of Japanese government‘s intervention in various periods from the perspective of business history, nor does it discuss the economic impact of such intervention on the SMR’s operation. In fact, the distribution of internal investment among various industrial sectors can be a new historical evidence for the Japanese government’s intervention in the operation of the SMR in different historical periods. Empirical tests based on historical data prove that state intervention marked by the growth of railway investment in the SMR directly stimulates the enterprise‘s profitability. This fully confirms the historical attributes of the SMR as an instrument of Japanese militarism's economic colonization.

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Lu Xun’s Criticism of “National Character” and Its Japanese Influence and Cultural Transcendence

HAO Yu1, HAO Congcong2

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (5): 54-63. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.05.006

Abstract （228）

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Based on the literature on Lu Xun research over the years, this paper examines the various influences that Lu Xun received during the period from his study in Japan, his abandonment of medicine and his turn to literature, to the emergence of his “national character” thought, and analyzes the differences between Lu Xun’s thoughts on Chinese “national character” and Japanese “national character”. According to historical materials, Lu Xun was deeply influenced by the research on “national character” in Japan at that time. Moreover, the origin of Lu Xun‘s attention to the issue of “national character” was to a large extent due to the influence from Japanese culture, especially from the Japanese cultural atmosphere during his stay in Japan. Yaichi Haga’s Kokuminsei Jyuronn (Ten Essays on National Character) especially inspired Lu Xun to establish his concept of “national character”. However, the reason why the title of this paper is “Lu Xun‘s Criticism of ‘National Character’ and Its Japanese Influence and Cultural Transcendence” is mainly because Lu Xun, through his own digestion and transformation, injected new concepts and new ideas, including “national character”, into his works. His concept of “national character” is actually an reverse use of Yaichi Haga’s thoughts on Japanese “national character”, thus achieving a transcendence of Japan‘s “national character” research. That is to say, Lu Xun’s use of the concept of “national character” was not a copy of Yaichi Haga‘s original meaning, but rather a reversal of it. From Yaichi Haga‘s praise of his Japanese “national character”, he made a profound criticism of our nation‘s “national character” based on the actual national spirit of our country at that time. Today, we reexamine the origin and development of Lu Xun’s fierce criticism of “national character”, and use it as a starting point for further research, and conduct more indepth academic exploration and discussion.

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Analysis on the Changes and Causes of Extinction of Kokka Shinto During the Period of Japanese Occupation in Taiwan

NI Xia

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (5): 64-71. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.05.007

Abstract （36）

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After Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government created Kokka Shinto, a religion combining the country‘s political and religious power, to support its Mikado systerm. During its occupation in Taiwan, the Japanese government introduced Kokka Shinto to the locals in a compulsory way to slowly influence their original beliefs in an attempt to destroy the cultural ties between Taiwan and Chinese mainland. However, as a political tool with the intention of invading, Kokka Shinto was resisted by most Taiwan people. It is the deep connection of culture and belief between people across the Strait that makes Kokka Shinto fail to operate in Taiwan. From the perspective of culture transmission, the paper analyzes the changes and extinction of Kokka Shinto during the period of Japanese occupation in Taiwan and reveals the fundamental reasons why it cannot be localized in Taiwan.

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Goto Asataro and the Beginning of Gardening in Modern Japan

ZHOU Tangbo, LI Siyu

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (5): 72-80. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.05.008

Abstract （30）

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Chinese expert Goto Asataro has always been known for his achievements in sinology and philology, but his important role in the development of horticulture in modern Japan has been overlooked. Based on the social background of the development of horticulture in modern Japan, this paper analyzes the important role played by Asataro Goto in the founding of the Japanese Garden Association and the Tokyo Higher Landscape School based on firsthand historical data, and affirms his authoritative position in the development of modern Japanese horticulture in focusing on Chinese landscape research.

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The “Middle-Way” Politics of the Komeito Party and Conservative Assistance of Counterstrike Capabilities as an Example

CHEN Xiang

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (6): 1-11. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.06.001

Abstract （108）

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Japan‘s Komeito Party is a religious political party that originated from the Soka Gakkai. After nearly 60 years of development, it has occupied an important position in Japanese politics and often played a key minority role in shaping the political situation. Since its establishment, the Komeito Party has adhered to a “middle path” political ideology, and its political stance has played an important supporting role in the joint governance of the Liberal Democratic Party and the Komeito Party in Japanese politics. Exploring and understanding the“middle way”politics of the Komeito Party can be undertaken from its historical origins with the Soka Gakkai and a detailed analysis of the social attributes of the voter group. Furthermore, a deep analysis can be conducted on the political philosophy of the Komeito Party and its political practice since the 1990s. The “middleway”of the Komeito Party in political ideology is not simply a middle path or a religious reconciliation path, but a demand for political stability in modern party operations, which does not fundamentally conflict with the political direction or ideology of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party. Therefore, the Komeito Party is mostly centered on the right side of the middle in political practice, playing an important auxiliary role in the conservative politics of the Liberal Democratic Party.

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The Conception and Legal Deconstruction of Japan’s DouSyu System

HONG Ji

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (6): 12-21. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.06.002

Abstract （91）

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DouSyu system is an administrative reform concept that has never been implemented and is highly advocated by the central government of Japan. The types of DouSyu system are mainly divided into Official DouSyu and Autonomous DouSyu , and the genealogy of its ideas has been extended from preWorld War II to contemporary times. Under the influence of local autonomy regulations under the new constitutional order of Japan after the war, the current concept of the DouSyu system has basically cut off the possibility of “official governance”. However, even for “autonomous” DouSyu, there is a characteristic logic of Tiiki Sougou Gyosei Syutai Ron hidden behind it. The existence of Japans basic autonomous system and the future of local autonomy need to be fundamentally criticized through the guidance of the country‘s constitutional norms and concepts, amidst the containment of conservative ideologies.

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Exploring Political Unconstitutionality in PostWar Japan Under the Principle of “Separation of Politics and Religion”: A Case Study of the Connection Between the Liberal Democratic Party and Unification Church

ZHAO Gang

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (6): 22-29. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.06.003

Abstract （65）

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On July 8, 2022, Shinzo Abe, the longestserving prime minister in Japans constitutional history, was assassinated. The assailant was a middleaged who had been victimized by the emerging religious group known as the Unification Church. Abe became the first prime minister to be assassinated due to religious motivations since the Meiji Restoration. Despite Japan‘s current constitution clearly mandating the separation of religion and politics, postassassination revelations exposed various illicit dealings between influential members of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), including Abe, and the Unification Church. Since its inception, the LDP has made constitutional amendment its longstanding political objective. In pursuit of this goal, conservative factions within the LDP colluded with religious groups seeking political protection, engaging in covert transactions. These actions not only contravened the constitutional principle of separation but also inflicted psychological and financial losses on numerous families. This paper seeks to dissect the assassination of Shinzo Abe and uncover the truth regarding the LDP’s unconstitutional practices perpetrated by conservative forces.

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Japan’s Foreign Direct Investment in the Context of Industrial Digitalization and Implications for China

XUE Jun1, JI Jianwen1, LIU Junfeng2

Japanese Research 2023, 37 (6): 30-40. DOI: 10.14156/j.cnki.rbwtyj.2023.06.004

Abstract （76）

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Globally, industrial digitization has become a mainstream feature of the era‘s development. In 2020, the Japanese government announced a new digital economy growth plan, hoping to boost Japan’s economic development by stimulating the digital development of its industries. Meanwhile, Japan’s share of overseas investment in Asia has been high. This paper examines the theoretical logic and practical characteristics of Japan‘s overseas investment in the context of industrial digitization, explores the development path and mechanism of Japan‘s foreign economy in the digital era, and provides experience and reference for China’s foreign economic development.

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