Abstract: “Double care” means that the “sandwich generation” takes care of both the elderly and the children. Japan is widely recognized as one of the countries with the serious problems of fewer children and aging population in the world, and the government and social groups have taken a number of effective measures to solve the problems. At present, China is also entering the aging society. Besides, the implementation of policies with Chinese characteristics including the universal twochild policy in early 2016 brings new problems and difficulties to the double care issue in the new era.

Key words: Japan, low fertility and aging population, “double care”, eldercare service, childcare support